How Much Do Glass Office Partitions Cost in Kenya? Prices, Types and Installation Guide
Glass office partitions are a popular choice for businesses looking to create modern, organised and professional workspaces. They help divide open-plan offices into private offices, boardrooms, meeting rooms and reception areas without making the interior feel dark or enclosed.
However, one of the first questions businesses ask before installing them is: How much do glass office partitions cost in Kenya?
The cost depends on several factors, including the type of glass, thickness, framing system, partition dimensions, doors, fittings and installation requirements. A basic aluminium-framed glass partition generally costs less than a premium frameless or double-glazed acoustic system.
For budgeting purposes, indicative prices for common office glass partition systems in Kenya range from approximately KES 9,500 to KES 30,000+ per square metre, depending on the specification. Premium customised systems may cost more.
At InteriorDesigners.co.ke, we provide office interior design and partitioning solutions that help businesses create functional workspaces. From glass boardrooms and executive offices to reception partitions and complete office fit-outs, the right partition system can be selected according to your layout, privacy requirements and budget.
Glass Office Partition Prices in Kenya
The following table provides indicative budgeting ranges for common glass office partition systems. Actual quotations depend on the selected materials, measurements, hardware, site conditions and scope of installation.
| Glass partition type | Estimated price per m² |
|---|---|
| Aluminium-framed clear glass | KES 9,500–13,000 |
| Aluminium-framed frosted or tinted glass | KES 10,500–15,000 |
| Slimline aluminium and glass | KES 11,500–15,000 |
| Semi-frameless glass partition | KES 11,500–15,000 |
| 8mm toughened glass | KES 11,000–13,000 |
| 10mm toughened glass | KES 12,000–15,000 |
| 10mm frameless toughened glass | KES 13,500–18,000 |
| 12mm frameless glass | KES 15,000–20,000+ |
| Frameless frosted glass | KES 14,500–18,000+ |
| Laminated safety glass | KES 16,000–20,000+ |
| Double-glazed acoustic glass | KES 18,000–30,000+ |
| Premium custom acoustic systems | KES 20,000–35,000+ |
These are indicative market budgeting estimates, not fixed supplier quotations. Published Kenyan pricing guides show differences between systems because glass specifications, frames, fittings and installation inclusions are not always the same. Glass Partitions Kenya+3
Important: Always confirm whether the quoted rate includes supply, fabrication, transport, installation, doors, locks, handles, VAT and finishing. A low price per square metre may not represent the final project cost.
How to Calculate the Cost of Glass Office Partitions
Most glass office partition quotations are calculated using the square-metre area of the partition. This means the contractor measures the length and height of the proposed glass wall before applying the rate for the selected system.
The basic formula is:
Partition length × partition height = Total partition area
For example, suppose you want to divide an office using a glass partition measuring:
- Length: 10 metres
- Height: 2.7 metres
- Total area: 10 × 2.7 = 27m²
If the selected aluminium-framed glass system costs KES 10,500 per square metre:
27m² × KES 10,500 = KES 283,500
This is the estimated cost of the partition area before any separately charged doors, specialist fittings, access-control systems or additional works.
For more accurate budgeting, request a site measurement and an itemised quotation. The contractor should confirm the dimensions, glass specification, number of doors and installation requirements before providing the final price.
Types of Glass Office Partitions and Their Costs
Choosing the right glass partition involves more than comparing prices. Different systems offer different levels of visual privacy, appearance, flexibility and acoustic performance.
Here are the main types of glass office partitions used in Kenyan commercial spaces.
1. Aluminium-Framed Glass Office Partitions
Aluminium-framed glass partitions combine glass panels with aluminium profiles to create a structured office divider. The aluminium framework supports the glass while providing a defined finish around the partition.
They are among the practical choices for businesses that want a modern office appearance without necessarily investing in a premium frameless system.
Estimated cost: KES 9,500–13,000 per m² for common configurations, with upgraded systems costing more.
Common applications include:
- Private offices
- Meeting rooms
- Boardrooms
- Reception areas
- Human resource departments
- Training rooms
- Clinics and consultation spaces
- Open-plan office divisions
Aluminium frames are available in different finishes and profiles. Businesses can also combine clear, frosted or tinted glass depending on their design preferences.
2. Frameless Glass Office Partitions
Frameless glass partitions create a clean, uninterrupted appearance. Unlike conventional framed systems, they use specialised channels, clamps and fittings to support the glass panels.
They are commonly installed in executive offices, boardrooms and premium commercial interiors where transparency and a minimalist design are important.
Estimated cost: KES 13,500–20,000+ per m².
Advantages include:
- Minimal visible framing
- Improved visual openness
- Modern corporate appearance
- Better flow of natural light
- Flexible design options
- Compatibility with glass doors
Frameless installations require appropriate glass specifications and professionally selected fittings. The panel dimensions, support details and door configuration can influence the final cost.
3. Frosted Glass Office Partitions
Frosted glass partitions are designed for offices that need visual privacy while maintaining a bright and contemporary interior.
The glass can be frosted across the entire panel or in selected sections. Businesses can also incorporate decorative patterns, company branding or privacy bands.
Estimated cost: KES 10,500–18,000+ per m², depending on the underlying glass system and frosting method.
Frosted glass is suitable for:
- Human resource offices
- Meeting rooms
- Executive offices
- Consultation rooms
- Finance departments
- Boardrooms
- Private workspaces
It is important to distinguish between factory-frosted glass and clear glass fitted with privacy film. They can have different costs, finishes and maintenance requirements.
4. Tinted Glass Office Partitions
Tinted glass partitions provide a distinctive appearance while reducing direct visibility through the panels. Common finishes include grey, bronze and other tinted shades.
They are suitable for offices that want a coordinated interior design with a more customised finish.
Estimated cost: KES 10,500–15,000+ per m², depending on the glass and framing system.
Tinted glass can be used in reception areas, executive offices, meeting rooms and other commercial spaces. The selected tint should also be considered alongside the office lighting to ensure that the space remains comfortable and sufficiently bright.
5. Toughened Glass Office Partitions
Toughened glass is heat-treated to improve its strength compared with ordinary annealed glass of similar thickness. It is widely used in commercial glass installations.
Common office partition specifications include 8mm, 10mm and 12mm glass, although the correct specification must be determined by the dimensions, support arrangement and applicable safety requirements.
Estimated cost:
| Glass specification | Indicative price per m² |
|---|---|
| 8mm toughened glass | KES 11,000–13,000 |
| 10mm toughened glass | KES 12,000–15,000 |
| 12mm toughened glass | KES 15,000–20,000+ |
Toughened glass can be used in framed and frameless systems. The final price also depends on edge finishing, cut-outs, fittings and whether the panels require special fabrication.
6. Laminated Glass Office Partitions
Laminated glass consists of two or more glass layers bonded together using an interlayer. This construction helps hold fragments together if the glass breaks.
It is an option for businesses that require additional safety considerations in their partition design.
Estimated cost: KES 16,000–20,000+ per m² for some higher-specification systems.
Laminated glass can be used in selected office partitions, internal glazed screens and other commercial applications. The appropriate glass build-up should be specified according to the installation requirements.
7. Double-Glazed Acoustic Glass Partitions
Double-glazed glass partitions use two separate glass panes with a cavity between them. Depending on the complete assembly, this construction can improve sound insulation compared with basic single-glazed partitions.
They are particularly useful where conversations and meetings require greater acoustic privacy.
Estimated cost: KES 18,000–30,000+ per m², with specialist systems potentially costing more.
Common applications include:
- Corporate boardrooms
- Executive offices
- Financial departments
- Legal offices
- Confidential meeting rooms
- Consultation rooms
- Management offices
Acoustic performance depends on more than the number of glass panes. The frame, seals, doors, gaps, ceiling connections and surrounding building structure all influence the result. Request documented acoustic performance information where sound insulation is a key project requirement.
Factors That Affect Glass Office Partition Installation Costs
Two offices can require similar partition areas but receive different quotations. This is because the total cost depends on the materials, design, fittings and site conditions.
The following factors are particularly important when preparing an office partitioning budget.
1. Type and Quality of Glass
The glass specification is one of the biggest cost considerations. Standard clear glass, toughened glass, laminated glass, frosted glass and double-glazed systems have different manufacturing and installation requirements.
For example, a basic aluminium-framed system will generally cost less than a premium frameless or double-glazed acoustic partition.
When requesting a quotation, specify the type of glass you want rather than asking for a general glass partition price.
2. Glass Thickness
Glass thickness affects the material specification, weight, hardware and support requirements. Common office applications may use 8mm, 10mm or 12mm glass, depending on the design.
Thicker glass is not automatically the best choice for every installation. The correct specification should consider panel dimensions, fixing arrangements, intended use and safety requirements.
3. Aluminium Frame and Finishes
Framed glass partitions use aluminium profiles to hold and support the glass panels. The profile size, finish and design can affect the final quotation.
Standard aluminium finishes may be more affordable than customised colours or specialised slimline profiles.
4. Partition Height and Layout
A standard office partition may be relatively straightforward to install. However, full-height partitions, unusual ceiling levels, angled walls and complex layouts can require additional materials and installation work.
The contractor should measure the actual space before confirming the final cost.
5. Doors, Handles and Locks
Glass partitions often require hinged or sliding doors to provide access between office spaces.
The cost depends on the door type, glass specification, hinges, handles, locks and other fittings. Frameless glass doors may require specialised hardware.
Always ask whether the quotation includes the doors or only the fixed glass panels.
6. Privacy Requirements
A business may choose clear glass for open-plan spaces, frosted glass for private offices or tinted glass for a customised appearance.
Privacy films, decorative patterns, company logos and manifestation bands can increase the overall cost. Their prices may be calculated separately from the glass partition itself.
7. Acoustic Performance
A partition designed to separate ordinary workspaces may not provide the sound control required for confidential meetings.
Acoustic systems can require specialised glass, improved framing, perimeter seals and suitable doors. These additional components influence the price.
8. Site Accessibility and Installation Conditions
Installation costs may vary depending on the building and working environment.
For example, a project in an occupied office may require careful scheduling to minimise disruption. High-rise buildings, restricted access, long material-handling distances and difficult installation conditions can also affect the quotation.
9. Transport and Project Location
The location of the project can influence transport and mobilisation costs. A project within Nairobi may have different logistics requirements from one in another county.
For projects outside Nairobi, confirm whether transportation, accommodation or additional mobilisation charges apply.
Sample Glass Office Partition Budget Estimates
A sample budget makes it easier to understand how the square-metre rate translates into a project cost.
The examples below use illustrative measurements and rates. They are not fixed quotations, and they exclude separately priced doors, VAT and any additional site works unless stated.
| Example project | Partition dimensions | Area | Assumed rate | Estimated partition cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small private office | 4m × 2.7m | 10.8m² | KES 10,500/m² | KES 113,400 |
| Meeting room | 8m × 2.7m | 21.6m² | KES 13,500/m² | KES 291,600 |
| Medium boardroom | 12m × 2.7m | 32.4m² | KES 15,000/m² | KES 486,000 |
| Executive office | 10m × 2.7m | 27m² | KES 18,000/m² | KES 486,000 |
These examples show the estimated cost of the partition area only. The final budget may increase when the project includes doors, locks, handles, privacy treatments, specialist hardware and other requirements.
Example: How Much Does a 20m² Glass Partition Cost?
Suppose you need a glass partition covering 20m².
At different indicative rates, the estimated costs would be:
| Selected system | Assumed rate | Estimated cost |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminium-framed glass | KES 10,500/m² | KES 210,000 |
| Semi-frameless glass | KES 13,500/m² | KES 270,000 |
| Frameless toughened glass | KES 15,000/m² | KES 300,000 |
| Double-glazed acoustic glass | KES 25,000/m² | KES 500,000 |
The most suitable option depends on the purpose of the room. A reception area may prioritise appearance and natural light, while a boardroom may need greater acoustic privacy.
Glass Office Partitions vs Aluminium and Gypsum Partitions
Glass is not the only option for dividing office spaces. Businesses can also use aluminium partitions with solid infill panels, gypsum partitions or a combination of different materials.
The best option depends on the required privacy, appearance, budget and flexibility.
| Partition type | Main advantage | Main consideration | Suitable applications |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glass partitions | Natural light and visual openness | Limited visual privacy unless treated | Offices, boardrooms and reception areas |
| Aluminium partitions | Flexible panel combinations | Appearance depends on the selected infill | Open-plan offices and departments |
| Gypsum partitions | Solid separation and privacy | Reduces visibility between spaces | Private offices and stores |
| Glass and gypsum combination | Balance of openness and privacy | Requires coordinated design | Meeting rooms and executive offices |
For businesses that want natural light and a modern appearance, glass partitions are a practical choice. However, where complete visual separation is important, gypsum or a hybrid system may be more suitable.
You can also explore our office partitioning design services for solutions that combine different materials according to the layout of your workplace.
Where Can Glass Office Partitions Be Installed?
Glass partitions can be used in different parts of a commercial building. Their design should reflect how each room will be used.
1. Boardrooms
Sigma Healthcare M-City | Schiavello Construction
Glass boardroom partitions create a professional meeting environment while maintaining visual connection with the rest of the office.
For boardrooms used for confidential discussions, consider frosted sections, privacy treatments or an appropriately specified acoustic system.
2. Executive Offices
Glass partitions are often used to create executive offices without completely separating management from the wider team.
Clear, tinted or frosted glass can be selected depending on the desired level of privacy.
3. Reception Areas
Glass can help separate reception areas from workspaces while allowing visitors to see the overall office design.
A well-planned reception partition can also be coordinated with the reception desk, flooring, lighting and company branding.
4. Meeting Rooms
Glass partitions: Glass partitions Serbia
Glass meeting rooms help businesses create dedicated collaboration spaces without making the office feel crowded.
Frosted bands or partial frosting can provide privacy while retaining natural light.
5. Clinics and Consultation Offices
STD Testing Singapore & Johor Bahru — Private | DrPlus
Glass partitions can help organise consultation areas and administrative spaces. However, privacy, confidentiality, hygiene and applicable healthcare requirements should guide the choice of glass and layout.
What Is Included in a Glass Office Partition Quotation?
Before approving a quotation, establish exactly what the contractor will supply and install. Two quotations may show different prices because their scopes of work are not identical.
A detailed quotation should clarify the following:
| Item | What to confirm |
|---|---|
| Site measurement | Whether professional measurements are included |
| Glass supply | Type, thickness, finish and specification |
| Aluminium profiles | Profile size, colour and finish |
| Fabrication | Cutting, polishing and preparation |
| Hardware | Clamps, hinges, handles and locks |
| Doors | Number, type and dimensions |
| Installation | Labour and fitting arrangements |
| Transport | Whether delivery is included |
| Finishing | Silicone, seals and edge finishing |
| Privacy treatment | Frosting, film or branding |
| VAT | Whether the quoted amount includes VAT |
| Warranty | Coverage for workmanship and supplied components |
Request an itemised quotation rather than accepting a single lump-sum figure without a clear description of the work.
The Glass Office Partition Installation Process
A professional installation process helps ensure that the partition fits the office layout and performs as intended.
At InteriorDesigners.co.ke, the project should be approached through proper planning, material selection and installation coordination.
Step 1: Site Inspection and Measurements
The process begins with assessing the office space and identifying where partitions are required.
Measurements help determine the total glass area, door positions, ceiling height and fixing requirements.
Step 2: Office Layout and Design Planning
The partition layout should support the daily activities of the business.
The design team considers room sizes, access points, circulation, privacy and the relationship between the new partitions and existing office features.
For more complex projects, 3D design and layout planning can help clients understand the proposed arrangement before installation.
Step 3: Glass and Frame Selection
The next stage involves selecting the appropriate glass, aluminium profiles, finishes and hardware.
This decision should be based on the intended application, design requirements and approved budget.
Step 4: Fabrication and Preparation
The glass panels and supporting components are prepared according to the approved measurements and specifications.
Any door openings, cut-outs and specialised fittings should be confirmed before fabrication.
Step 5: Installation
The installation team prepares the relevant fixing points and installs the supporting system and glass panels.
Proper alignment, support and sealing are important for the finished installation.
Step 6: Inspection and Handover
The completed partition should be inspected to confirm that the panels, doors, locks and fittings are properly installed.
The client should also receive relevant care and maintenance guidance.
Common Mistakes to Avoid When Installing Glass Office Partitions
Glass partitions can improve an office considerably, but poor planning can result in unnecessary costs and an unsuitable layout.
Avoid these common mistakes:
1. Choosing a contractor based only on price
A low quotation may exclude important items such as doors, hardware, transport or installation. Compare the full scope of work before making a decision.
2. Ignoring acoustic privacy
Clear glass does not automatically provide sound insulation. If your office handles confidential discussions, consider the complete acoustic requirements, including doors and perimeter seals.
3. Selecting the wrong glass specification
Glass should be selected according to the intended application, panel dimensions and support system. Do not assume that every glass thickness is suitable for every partition.
4. Overlooking door positions
Poorly positioned doors can interfere with furniture, movement and daily office operations. Plan access points before fabrication begins.
5. Failing to consider natural lighting
One advantage of glass partitions is their ability to allow light through the office. Avoid layouts that unnecessarily block windows or create dark working areas.
6. Forgetting future office changes
Businesses may expand or reorganise their departments. Where flexibility is important, consider partition systems that can accommodate future adjustments.
7. Not confirming the warranty
Ask what the warranty covers, including installation workmanship, hardware and supplied components. Make sure the agreed terms are documented.
How to Choose the Right Glass Office Partition Contractor in Kenya
Selecting an experienced contractor is important because glass partitioning requires accurate measurements, suitable materials and professional installation.
Before choosing a company, consider the following:
- Relevant experience: Look for experience in commercial interior design and office partition installations.
- Project portfolio: Review previous boardrooms, executive offices, reception areas and meeting-room installations.
- Material specifications: Ask for clear details about glass type, thickness, frames and hardware.
- Detailed quotations: Ensure the quotation explains materials, labour, doors and other charges.
- Design support: Choose a team that can help plan the partition layout around your office operations.
- Installation quality: Confirm that the contractor follows appropriate installation and safety requirements.
- After-installation support: Ask about maintenance guidance and warranty arrangements.
For a complete office transformation, it is also helpful to work with an interior design company that can coordinate partitioning with flooring, ceilings, lighting, furniture and other interior finishes.
Why Choose InteriorDesigners.co.ke for Glass Office Partitioning?
At InteriorDesigners.co.ke, we understand that office partitioning is not simply about dividing a room. It is about creating a functional workspace that supports productivity, privacy and the professional image of a business.
Our team provides interior design and fit-out solutions for different commercial environments.
With over 18 years of experience and more than 3,000 projects undertaken, we bring design planning and project coordination experience to commercial interior projects.
We can assist with:
- Glass office partition design and installation
- Aluminium-framed glass partitions
- Frameless glass partitioning
- Toughened glass partitions
- Frosted and tinted glass partitions
- Boardroom and meeting-room partitions
- Executive office partitioning
- Reception area partitions
- Office space planning
- 3D interior design and visualisation
- Complete office interior fit-outs
We also consider how the partitioning will work with other parts of your office, helping create a coordinated interior rather than a collection of disconnected installations.
Get a Quote for Glass Office Partitions in Kenya
Planning to divide your office, create a modern boardroom or install glass partitions for your meeting rooms?
InteriorDesigners.co.ke can help you plan a suitable partitioning solution based on your available space, design preferences and project budget.
Contact our team to discuss your requirements and arrange a site assessment.
InteriorDesigners.co.ke – Office Partitioning and Interior Design
- Location: Nairobi CBD
- Phone: 0717 044 443 / 0739 255 050 / 0725 021 709
- Email: info@interiordesigners.co.ke
- Website: https://interiordesigners.co.ke/
- Contact us: Request an Office Partitioning Consultation
Other Interior Design Services We Offer
In addition to glass office partitioning, we provide other interior design and fit-out services for commercial and residential properties.
- Office Partitioning Design – Modern glass, aluminium and other office partition systems.
- Commercial Interior Design – Functional interior design solutions for business premises.
- 3D Design and Layout Planning – Visualise your proposed office layout before implementation.
- Gypsum Ceiling Installation – Modern ceiling designs for commercial and residential spaces.
- Floor Installation Services – Practical and decorative flooring solutions.
- Building and Construction Services – Building, renovation and construction solutions.
- Hotel Interior Design – Interior design for hospitality environments.
Frequently Asked Questions About Glass Office Partition Costs in Kenya
1. How much do glass office partitions cost in Kenya?
Glass office partitions generally cost approximately KES 9,500–30,000+ per square metre, depending on the glass type, thickness, framing system and installation requirements. Premium acoustic and customised systems may cost more.
2. How much does a frameless glass office partition cost?
Frameless glass partitions can cost approximately KES 13,500–20,000+ per square metre. The final price depends on whether you select 10mm or 12mm glass, the fittings, door configuration and installation requirements.
3. What is the cheapest type of glass office partition?
Basic aluminium-framed glass partitions are generally among the more affordable options. They provide a practical way to divide office spaces while maintaining natural light.
4. Is toughened glass suitable for office partitions?
Toughened glass is commonly used for office partitions because it is stronger than ordinary annealed glass of similar thickness. However, the appropriate specification depends on the panel size, support arrangement and intended application.
5. Which glass partition is best for a boardroom?
Frameless toughened glass is a popular choice for modern boardrooms because of its clean appearance. Where greater sound privacy is required, consider a properly specified acoustic system with suitable doors and seals.
6. Are glass office partitions soundproof?
Ordinary single-glazed partitions do not provide complete soundproofing. Double-glazed systems and suitable acoustic assemblies can improve sound insulation, but performance depends on the entire installation, including doors, seals and surrounding structures.
7. Can glass office partitions be frosted?
Yes. Glass can be frosted fully or partially to improve visual privacy. Frosting films, decorative patterns and company logos can also be incorporated into the design.
8. Do glass office partition prices include installation?
Some suppliers provide combined supply-and-installation quotations, while others price materials and labour separately. Always confirm whether installation, transport, hardware, doors and finishing are included.
9. How long does glass office partition installation take?
The installation period depends on the size of the project, design complexity, material availability and site conditions. A small partition may take less time than a complete office partitioning project involving multiple rooms and doors. Your contractor should provide a project-specific timeline.
10. Can glass partitions be installed in a small office?
Yes. Glass partitions can divide small offices into functional spaces without making them feel completely enclosed. Clear glass is particularly useful where maintaining natural light and visual openness is important.
11. Can I combine glass and gypsum office partitions?
Yes. A combination of glass and gypsum can provide a balance between natural light, visual privacy and cost. For example, a business may use gypsum for private offices and glass for meeting rooms or reception areas.
12. Can glass office partitions include doors?
Yes. Glass partition systems can incorporate hinged or sliding doors. The choice depends on the available space, access requirements, hardware and overall design.
13. Do glass partitions require regular maintenance?
Glass partitions are relatively straightforward to maintain. Regular cleaning with suitable glass-cleaning products helps keep the panels clear. Door hinges, locks, handles and other fittings should also be inspected periodically.
14. Does InteriorDesigners.co.ke install glass office partitions in Nairobi?
Yes. InteriorDesigners.co.ke provides office interior design and partitioning solutions in Nairobi and other parts of Kenya. Contact the team to discuss your project requirements and site assessment.
Areas We Serve Across Kenya
InteriorDesigners.co.ke provides interior design, office partitioning and commercial fit-out solutions across all 47 counties in Kenya. Our service coverage includes Nairobi, Mombasa, Kwale, Kilifi, Tana River, Lamu, Taita-Taveta, Garissa, Wajir, Mandera, Marsabit, Isiolo, Meru, Tharaka-Nithi, Embu, Kitui, Machakos, Makueni, Nyandarua, Nyeri, Kirinyaga, Murang’a, Kiambu, Turkana, West Pokot, Samburu, Trans Nzoia, Uasin Gishu, Elgeyo-Marakwet, Nandi, Baringo, Laikipia, Nakuru, Narok, Kajiado, Kericho, Bomet, Kakamega, Vihiga, Bungoma, Busia, Siaya, Kisumu, Homa Bay, Migori, Kisii and Nyamira.
In Nairobi, we serve clients in Nairobi CBD, Westlands, Parklands, Kilimani, Kileleshwa, Lavington, Karen, Runda, Muthaiga, Gigiri, Riverside, Upper Hill, Hurlingham, South C, South B, Langata, Embakasi, Donholm, Eastleigh, Kasarani, Roysambu, Ruaraka, Umoja, Buruburu, Komarock, Kayole, Ruai, Ngara and Pangani.
In Mombasa, our service areas include Mombasa CBD, Nyali, Bamburi, Shanzu, Kisauni, Kizingo, Tudor, Tononoka, Mvita, Changamwe, Jomvu, Likoni, Mikindani, Port Reitz, Bombolulu, Kongowea and Mkomani.
